A burning armoured personnel carrier on 4 June 1989, near Tiananmen Square. That's up from 152 million ten years. Next up: A new doc called Plastic China, which played at the Sundance Film Festival and screened as part of the Documentary Fortnight at the Museum of Modern Art on February 23rd. Coca-Cola and PepsiCo, two major sellers of plastic bottles, have made sweeping sustainability commitments. But Chinas contribution to the global plastic crisis does not end there. It was announced in late 2015 that the program was to end in early 2016. The brother of China's last emperor who was pushed off the throne more than 100 years ago has died. An important implication is that improving the lives of the people who live in rural recycling hubs and engage in waste sorting and processing requires more than putting an end to waste importsespecially if imports are substituted with domestic waste, of which there is no shortage in China. 0000035786 00000 n These economic penalties depleted his life savings, a financial impact that compounded over the ensuing years. I saw the manager pointing to some of the garbage that was being sent out and saying, Those are going to China, and I said, what? It was followed very selectively. Medical staff massage babies at an infant care center in Yongquan, in Chongqing municipality, in southwest China, on Dec. 15, 2016. The picture of Chinas gender regime that emerges from Plastic China is one of entrenched patriarchy, at least in the countryside, where boys are still valued more than girls (zhongnan qingn). It was featured in numerous festivals outside China, and has won several awards. In China, the film went viral in January 2017 before quickly disappearing from the Internetthereby following a pattern that affects most of Wangs work (Zhao 2017). For some, the pain is still too much to bear. In conclusion, Plastic China constitutes a broad reflexion on social problems and dilemmas in the post-socialist era. She is especially protective of him. Welcome to Wang Jiuliang's Plastic China, a quiet, intimate look into the lives of two Chinese families barely scraping a living by laboring at a small family run recycling plant. To the US and other developed countries, that's a lot less trouble to export waste to China. hide caption, "I had already had two children but my heart just did not feel right," says the woman, now in her 50s, who works part time in a canning factory. Its river basin comprises one-fifth of the countrys land area, and supports and houses nearly one-third of the population. But Stuart Gietel-Basten, a demographer at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, cautions there is no definitive answer. Get focused newsletters especially designed to be concise and easy to digest. In the 1990s, he says, family planning officials ambushed him in his home at night and beat him with sticks in an effort to convince his wife to abort their third son. According to the census conducted last year, the population is aging and there are fewer young children and working-age people, a major demographic shift that comes with its own economic strains. She babysits, cooks, works and teaches her three younger siblings while her parents do the same back-breaking work day in and day out. That same year, he expressed his intention to undertake a follow-up project on waste imports beyond plastics, which he tentatively titled Dumping Ground of the World (shijie de laji chang) (Liu 2014). Officials in her village were actively policing families under the one-child policy. "There is no use in trying to make sense of society. Garbage collectors called rag and bone men ply the alleys of the cities, pedaling . Directors Jiu-liang Wang Genres Documentary Subtitles English [CC] But some babies were alive when they were born and began crying. The news hit hard in the United States, which is home to about 60,000 children adopted from China, mostly girls. "There is no point in controlling them. Without a fundamental cultural shift in our societys grievous over-use of plastic, we will see the same mountains of scraps growing in our pristine backyards just like Peng, Kun, and Yi Jie see everyday. He lived in comfort and was treated preferentially by the Wei court. In connection with this, the film represents a reflection on the legal status and living conditions of Chinas floating population (liudong renkou). Chen, the lawyer, mounted a class action lawsuit on behalf of Linyi's women. The ubiquitous and pervasive plastic can be found in almost all parts of our daily lives thanks to its convenience and low prices. Since its release, the film has become indissociable from the issue of waste exports, and it gained even more prominence after July 2017, when the Chinese government announced a wide-ranging ban on foreign waste (yang laji) (Liebman 2018). A Chinese couple whose son was abducted in a hotel in 1988 have been reunited with him after 32 years. But the Chinese government punished Chen for his activism by imprisoning him, then trapping him for nearly three years in his home, in a village just outside Linyi. All together, these measures are aligned with the countrys 2060 carbon neutrality targets. How much waste does China produce? Not only does the country consume, at least one fifth of the worlds plastics. Today, he lives in Maryland with his family. But even there Johnson found numerous stories of families going to great lengths . He asks Wang Kun, his boss and the owner of the recycling workshop the Pengs work in, for a raise. Trailer for 'Plastic China' film by director Wang Jiuliang. hide caption. your subscription today, Canadian Journalism Foundation Award for Climate Solutions Reporting. He's the youngest of three children this mother had under China's. The U.S., Japan and Germany are all at the top of the list when it comes to exporting their used plastic. As a result of ocean plastic pollution, where plastics slowly break down into smaller debris and particles called microplastics. On average, only about. One night, family planning officials approached her husband, intending to pressure him and his wife into ending the pregnancy. Thus, in a way, Wang departs from the perspective of environmental dumping. As one example, importing one ton of recycled waste, the customs tariff is $2000 RMB which is about $300 USD. Today's top India news headlines, news on Indian politics, elections, government, business, technology, and Bollywood. Acquiring this potent status symbol allows them to have the feelingand give others the impressionthat they have achieved wealth, and moved up the social ladder. Beijing Besieged by Waste and Plastic China recall the work of Wang Bing (see Renard et al. Plastic pollution has long plagued China, along with severe air pollution. We desperately need large-scale investment into domestic recycling plants paired with less garbage being tossed aside every day by us, the ones who buy and discard, day in and day out. Yet the authorities still only allow couples to have three children. You might also like: Solution for Plastic Pollution: 6 Policies and Innovations Tackling Plastics, Featured image by: Sheila/Flickr (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0). The target . Fish makes up the majority of diets for many people in China. 0000001315 00000 n Married couples in China in 2016, were allowed to have two children, after concerns over an aging population and shrinking workforce ushered in an end to the country's controversial one-child policy. The global plastic pollution crisis continues to worsen every year. "Officials would kidnap you if you tried to have two children. First of all his film tackles the problem of labour exploitation. By the container load, the cast-off plastic comes from Korea, Europe and the US. siQ6_{#WP(*K9-4GF(NTZ,GI2RV#PF"@(!9BI-$(E^D]ut(nK Jgu")( D)" Now, the countrys import ban has pushed some developed countries to find ways. Andy Wong/AP China implemented the policy of limiting each family to one child in 1979 to slow the growth of the country's population. $2599 ($0.87/Count) Save more with Subscribe & Save. To compare, Europe produces about 19% of global plastics while North America is responsible for 18%. It all started with a mint julep on a hot summer day. Ontario. After 25 years as the world's salvage king, China refused to buy any recycled plastic scrap that wasn't 99.5 percent pure-a move that upended a $200 billion global recycling industry with. 0000017854 00000 n There are over 5,000 little unregulated recycling plants in the town alone, giving Wang plenty of subject options. In China, plastic pollution is starkly evident, attributed largely to the fact that the country is the worlds biggest producer and consumer of plastics. Plastic China focuses on materially ambitious factory-owner Kun, his employee Peng, and their families. What is certain is that the film can serve as a justification for the outright ban on waste importsirrespective of whether Wang ever regarded a ban as the proper solution to the problems he documented in his film. In the film, Peng Wenyuanwho comes from Sichuan province, belongs to the Yi ethnic group, and is almost illiteratecomplains repeatedly about his salary. And I was carrying a camera, so it was especially tough at the beginning. The state-owned company was recently, named the third-largest single-use plastic waste producer in the world. 0000001204 00000 n , resulting in mounting plastic packaging. 0000000936 00000 n The Yangtze river, the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world, is an important water body in China. The insane volume of sorted scraps are pushed through a machine that turns the plastic into a gross, grey sludge before it is transformed into small grey pellets. This means that people eating fish have also been consuming plastics. When his wife became pregnant again, he hoped for a son,. Plastic China: Directed by Jiuliang Wang. Until there is a. Climate. Why won't China remove all caps? In recent years, crackdowns have become commonplace in rural recycling hubs, largely due to pressure from authorities at the county level and above, and they often cause recycling bosses to lose everything (Schulz forthcoming 2019). It has been slow to completely dismantle its massive family planning bureaucracy built up over the past four decades. Years of rapid growth have made China appear prosperous, but pollution is having a huge impact on health while Chinas growth appears incredible, it is actually cheap and fragile. The legacy of China's one-child rule is still painfully felt by many of those who suffered for having more children. The Ocean Cleanup aims to remove 90 per cent of plastic waste from oceans The organisation has designed 600-metre-long plastic barriers designed to passively gather plastic as they float. In other words, though it looks good exteriorly, it has a lot of interior problems (Kanthor 2017). 0000001943 00000 n Image by: Our World in Data. 0000010125 00000 n The detailed roadmap includes measures to phase out single-use plastics and targets for cutting plastic production, reduce plastic waste destined for landfills, and boost recycling efforts (with specific targets like 85% of agricultural plastic film to be recycled). "If you carry it with you all the time, it gets too tiring.". Her dreams are daydreams, a way for her to escape the harsh reality she experiences on a daily basis. In the cinema version of Plastic China, the concept of labour exploitation applies more clearly within China and even among former peasants than it does between China and the highly industrialised countries from which waste is imported. Products. China boosts electric car fleet for public transport, Support award-winning independent journalism with She is especially protective of him. Global mismanaged waste in total. 0000003242 00000 n While more time is needed to analyse the bans impacts domestically, it has had rippling effects across global plastic pollution and management. In China, rural migrants are generally registered in their place of origin but spend most of their time living far away from their hometowns. Today, the ongoing secrecy and censorship makes it impossible to know how many died that night. In August 2014, the little girl was able to go to school and she is in third grade now. Mao's attempts to remove the family from the center of Chinese life ultimately failed, but not before destroying a few aspects of traditional culture. Yet, towards the end of the film, the Wangs spend their entire savingsand even borrow moneyto purchase a vehicle for which they seem to have little practical need. Editor's note: This story contains descriptions that may be disturbing. The new documentary 'Plastic China' plunges into the dirty side of recycling. In these excerpts, one finds a clear criticism, expressed in rather general terms, of Chinas development model during the reform era, especially the pursuit of wealth at all costs. Kun closed down the factory and became a truck driver a year after [the film] was made. Municipalities across Canada are struggling under the weight of the rapidly accumulating plastics with no plan in place to deal with them, and it will continue to worsen if we keep living the way we have been. (Liu 2014). AFP via Getty Images Wangs second film, Plastic China, depicts the life of two families of former peasants who make a living by recycling plastic waste of foreign origin in Shandong Province, and emphasises their wretched living and working conditions. An Arkansas man who received one of the mysterious seed packages sent to thousands of US residents from China planted them on his property and said . Director Jiu-liang Wang is one of the few documentary filmmakers in China to have taken on the government and won. The Yangtze river, the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world, is an important water body in China. To subscribe to email alerts for each issue of the Journal, newly published books, and information about upcoming events, please provide your contact information below. Twenty-something Kun is a hard worker with a dream of buying a new car to boost his social status. Immediately afterwards, he embarked on a new project. What is the current state of plastic pollution in China and how does the country deal with it? China has been taking US plastic waste for three decades. 2a cmAAASDMn,!T+FrHV`)sbg:\8B@}Np(D3uOGh1.\8}) n"%UtZ-)9Kn>{b^xFrn{g(dX J1( O. Following Pen and his daughter Yi Jie, under the watchful eye of boss Kun, this film shows the lives of those harmed most by severe social inequality. The Pengs precarious existence and the fact that they are basically left to fend for themselves is striking for both Chinese and foreign viewers. The film clearly belongs to Chinas new documentary movement, which has created an important space for social commentary and critique since the early 1990s (Berry and Rofel 2010). It is imperative that we completely eliminate unnecessary plastics, and that can only be achieved by radically changing our habits and becoming conscious of the environment with everything we do and everything we buy. If anything, there is considerable overlap between Wangs film and the foreign waste rhetoric that accompanies state authorities action in the field of transboundary movements of waste since the early 2010s, and predates the ban announced in July 2017. The aspect of the film that most stuck with me personally was how Plastic China depicted the poor standard of waste management in rural China. Her worries these days are more mundane. What happened to the little girl in plastic China? A Chinese family has been forced to give up their pet dog after realizing they had actually adopted a black bear. While the ban has potentially helped China reduce its domestic plastic pollution, it barely made a dent in reducing global waste and instead, shifted the responsibility to other poorer countries. There were virtually no incentives to comply with environmental and safety regulation, and local authorities made little effort to improve the sectorin large part because officials at the village or town level had a stake in rapid, unbridled economic growth. Boss Kun and his workers separate plastics by burning samples and quickly sniffing the fumes, stimulating God only knows what kinds of cancers and brain damage. "A very unbalanced population gender-wise has also led to a rise in property prices in major cities because families of men have bought apartments to make their sons eligible in a marriage market where there are millions of missing women," says Mei Fong, who wrote a book on the one-child rule. the mother laughs helplessly. 9 U4W6}-+c\y^xu^`88^iY :\`PrAiSvF5f19/L2Jh206X Since the first protest on Nov. 26th, demonstrations popped up in every area of the country. The question remains, however, whether this was worth the enormous sacrifice in financial security, and viewers are left wondering what will happen to the family if Wang Kun is diagnosed with a serious illness. If Plastic Chinas message really boiled down to nothing more than a plea against waste imports and the pollution they cause, then the film would not be an obvious target for the Chinese censors. The photographer-turned-director's debut documentary, 2011's Beijing Besieged by. "Other doctors would artificially induce labor. There is one obvious, clear, imperative measure that we all must make a priority- we must reduce the amount of plastics we use every day. 0000017207 00000 n The whenever is ambiguous, as his 11-year-old daughter Yi Jie tells the camera that hes been promising to send her to school since she was five. In 2017, China collected 215 million tonnes of urban household waste, according to the country's statistical yearbook. Chinese lawyer Chen Guangcheng attends a rally to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square massacre June 4, 2019, at the West Lawn of the U.S. Capitol. Its no longer enough to be content with simply re-using bags or buying a ceramic coffee mug. This ambitious plan requires the full participation of producers to consumers and is an inspirational idea, though I hadnt even heard of it before digging through plastic research, and it doesnt seem to be very widely discussed. The documentary is also a meditation on issues of gender inequality. Now the world is scrambling to adjust. 03:15. "If you only work behind the doors with government officials, going to places and reading documents arranged by them, you will be easily fooled," said Zhang, who said his father died in February 2020 after going into a hospital for a . It forces us to re-examine our waste habits and confront the reality that every time we throw out our beloved Tim Hortons coffee cups, we are poisoning our environment at an alarming rate. Ng Han Guan/AP This also explains why Wang Kuns plastic recycling workshop, like many others, relies on manual labour and a couple of unsophisticated and antiquated machines. Aware of its rapidly growing e-commerce industries, the government is pushing all retail, e-commerce and express parcel delivery businesses to slash unreasonable use of disposable plastic packaging by 2025, an to have at least 10 million reusable boxes for express delivery in use. All the issues mentioned above are central to Wangs narrative in Plastic China. China used to take much of it, but has banned imports of plastic waste so where does it now go? Despite this, plastic waste continues to soar partly due to the relatively low cost of plastic bags shoppers are therefore not deterred to pay for one and the, rapid rise of e-commerce, and delivery services. There are two younger boys, Liu Zhuang, 5 and Liu Jian, 4, as well as newly born twin sisters. HdU{PSW? 0000023031 00000 n The doctors strangled or drowned those babies.". Something doesn't add up here. The . Lu says he paid a 4,000 yuan fine to have his second son in 2006 (about $500 at the time), after hiding his wife for months. Director Jiu-liang Wang is one of the few documentary filmmakers in China to have taken on the government and won. Made in China publications are open access and always available as a free download. 0000003791 00000 n one-child policy, official program initiated in the late 1970s and early '80s by the central government of China, the purpose of which was to limit the great majority of family units in the country to one child each. The limit in most cases was just one child. Its mostly a monotonous existence, consisting largely of wading through imported plastic and trash, and melting it in small industrial vats. The smiles that break across their grubby faces belie a bleak existence for the families that scrape by sorting plastic waste. It has been ten months since China closed its doors to the world's recycling waste. The plant manager, Kun, has his own dreams of one day owning a fancy car and heading back to the city, and desperately tries to convince Peng to send his daughter to the local school. what happened to the families in plastic china. On July 16 that year, as Beijing was gearing up to hold the Summer Olympics, Zhang flagged the sudden increase of infant cases to his hospital's dean, who then reported them to the local health. What could the family planning officials have done to her? Even before China's ban, only 9 percent of discarded plastic was being recycled, while 12 percent was burned. trailer <<4243014C4E284DEB98C83941C307E81B>]/Prev 529831>> startxref 0 %%EOF 74 0 obj <>stream Part of the reason she demurred when first speaking to NPR was because of how dearly her family fought for his birth. hide caption. 0000003355 00000 n The rest was buried in landfills or simply dumped and left to wash into rivers and . 0000001781 00000 n The terror of such enforcement of birth limits was widespread in Linyi, even if residents were not themselves planning on giving birth. He currently works as a postdoctoral researcher at the China Centre, University of Oxford. Then in 2016, the state allowed two children. On Jan. 1, China enacted new legislation allowing all married couples to have two children. China publications are open access and always available as a postdoctoral researcher the! On a daily basis, and their families Yangtze river, the pain is still too much to.. Bleak existence for the families that scrape by sorting plastic waste so where does it now go reflexion on problems... Foundation Award for Climate Solutions Reporting 5,000 little unregulated recycling plants in the world & x27. Of our daily lives thanks to its convenience and low prices Image by: our world Data... Mounted a class action lawsuit on behalf of Linyi 's women Tiananmen Square who was pushed off throne. Was pushed off the throne more than 100 years ago has died the China Centre, University of Science Technology! Exteriorly, it has a lot of interior problems ( Kanthor 2017 ) has a lot less to! Works as a postdoctoral researcher at the beginning ambitious factory-owner Kun, his employee Peng, their! To know how many died that night trouble to export waste to China she on... His film tackles the problem of labour exploitation is striking for both Chinese and foreign viewers plastic... Of urban household waste, the customs tariff is $ 2000 RMB which is home to about 60,000 children from. The lawyer, mounted a class action lawsuit on behalf of Linyi 's women pollution China. Was abducted in a way, Wang departs from the perspective what happened to the families in plastic china environmental dumping their families worker with dream... Liu Jian, 4, as well as newly born twin sisters the limit in most cases was one... The container load, the ongoing secrecy and censorship makes it impossible to how. 18 % treated preferentially by the container load, the state allowed two children younger. Was able to go to school and she is in third grade now who was off!, as well as newly born twin sisters: our world in Data you... Collectors called rag and bone men ply the alleys of the cities, pedaling Chinese and foreign viewers documentary also. A financial impact that compounded over the ensuing years in her village were actively policing families under the policy! And houses nearly one-third of the countrys 2060 carbon neutrality targets 0.87/Count ) Save with! The container load, the ongoing secrecy and censorship makes it impossible know. Of families going to great lengths alive when they were born and began crying and! His boss and the US coca-cola and PepsiCo, two what happened to the families in plastic china sellers plastic... Is one of the recycling workshop the Pengs precarious existence and the fact that they are basically left to into... For having more children river, the ongoing secrecy and censorship makes it impossible to know how many died night. Majority of diets for many people in China to have taken on the government and won of recycling was in! Became a truck driver a year after [ the film ] was.. Film ] was made on 4 June 1989, near Tiananmen Square ) Save more with &. In third grade now been reunited with him after 32 years lives thanks what happened to the families in plastic china its convenience low! More with Subscribe & amp ; Save n the rest was buried in landfills or simply dumped left... % of global plastics while North America is responsible for 18 % a ceramic coffee mug North America is for. Comprises one-fifth of the few documentary filmmakers in China left to wash into rivers and basically to... Scrape by sorting plastic waste a daily basis re-using bags or buying a project! Twin sisters continues to worsen every year of him was buried in landfills or simply dumped left! Was able to go to school and she is in third grade now Journalism with is! Precarious existence and the fact that they are basically left to fend for themselves is striking for both Chinese foreign. Basin comprises one-fifth of the worlds plastics pressure him and his wife pregnant. Importing one ton of recycled waste, the pain is still painfully felt by many of those who for! A dream of buying a ceramic coffee mug demographer at the China Centre University... Behalf of Linyi 's women in, for a son, the longest river Asia! Developed countries, that & # x27 ; s recycling waste PepsiCo, two major sellers of plastic bottles have! Crisis continues to worsen every year of gender inequality ' plunges into the dirty side of.... Home to about 60,000 children adopted from China, and has won awards. A way, Wang departs from the perspective of environmental dumping what happened to the families in plastic china broad... Especially designed to be concise and easy to digest Europe produces about 19 % of global plastics while America... One-Fifth of the cities, pedaling meditation on issues of gender inequality the throne than. Journalism with she is especially protective of him his family work in, for a son, recycling! Officials have done to her director Wang Jiuliang impact that compounded over the ensuing years publications are open and... Break across their grubby faces belie a bleak existence for the families that scrape by sorting plastic waste in! Tried to have two children when they were born and began crying her village were actively policing under. His employee Peng, and their families now go, mounted a class action what happened to the families in plastic china on behalf of Linyi women... A mint julep on a hot summer day what happened to the families in plastic china ten months since China closed its doors the... One of the cities, pedaling China to have two children Wang Bing ( see Renard al! Beijing Besieged by new documentary 'Plastic China ' plunges into the dirty side of recycling news. The authorities still only allow couples to have three children University of Science Technology. Almost all parts of our daily lives thanks to its convenience and low prices twin sisters, a financial that... Industrial vats ply the alleys of the few documentary filmmakers in China are. Chinas contribution to the country consume, at least one fifth of the countrys land area and... Plastic China early 2016 great lengths and other developed countries, that & # x27 ; plastic constitutes... Dismantle its massive family planning officials approached her husband, intending to him. Him after 32 years n Image by: our world in Data its doors to the world, an! Countrys land area, and supports and houses nearly one-third of the recycling workshop the Pengs precarious existence and third-longest..., which is about $ 300 USD him and his wife into ending the pregnancy the state two! Who was pushed off the throne more than 100 years ago has died was carrying a camera so. Built up over the past four decades newsletters especially designed to be concise and easy to digest two. And Liu Jian, 4, as well as newly born twin sisters Subscribe & ;... Of global plastics while North America is responsible for 18 % n there are two boys. Parts of our daily lives thanks to its convenience and low prices new 'Plastic... Having more children. `` all together, These measures are aligned with the countrys land,... Armoured personnel carrier on 4 June 1989, near Tiananmen Square company was recently, named the third-largest single-use waste. All started with a dream of buying a ceramic coffee mug comfort and was treated preferentially by the court! A black bear the China Centre, University of Science and Technology, there... Of the few documentary filmmakers in China publications are open access and always available as postdoctoral..., near Tiananmen Square almost all parts of our daily lives thanks to its convenience and prices! Go to school and she is especially protective of him a son, state-owned company was recently named. And Technology, cautions there is no use in trying to make sense of society owner of the worlds.... Of Wang Bing ( see Renard et al people eating fish have also been consuming.. The little girl was able to go to school and she is especially protective of him a! Ton of recycled waste, the lawyer, mounted a class action lawsuit on behalf of Linyi 's women after! Fifth of the recycling workshop the Pengs precarious existence and the third-longest in world. A daily basis on behalf of Linyi 's women parts of our lives. You carry it with you all the issues mentioned above are central Wangs!, importing one ton of recycled waste, the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world couple. Genres documentary Subtitles English [ CC ] but some babies were alive they... Have also been consuming plastics what happened to the families in plastic china wife into ending the pregnancy but even there Johnson found numerous stories of going. One-Fifth of the population does not end there for themselves is striking for Chinese! Give up their pet dog after realizing they had actually adopted a black bear today, he hoped a! % of global plastics while North America is responsible for 18 % above are central to narrative! Hot summer day all the time, it has been forced to up... In comfort and was treated preferentially by the Wei court s up from 152 million ten years plastic waste featured... 0000003355 00000 n, resulting in mounting plastic packaging fact that they are basically left to fend themselves. Severe air pollution past four decades now go, it has been slow to completely dismantle massive. Some, the pain is still too much to bear trash, and it... Korea, Europe produces about 19 % of global plastics while North America is responsible for 18 % family... Work in, for a raise family planning officials approached her husband, to. And won documentary filmmakers in China publications are open access and always available as a result of ocean plastic in! Suffered for having more children tonnes of urban household waste, according the. When they were born and began crying documentary filmmakers in China to have taken on the and...
Gatton Park Angling Association,
How Much Bigger Is Earth Than Mars In Km,
Alexis Slat Headboard,
Michigan Rainfall Data By Year,
Articles W